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Introduction The Harappan Civilization, also known as the Indus Valley Civilization, was one of the world’s earliest urban societies. It existed over 4,000 years ago in parts of modern-day India and Pakistan. The people of Harappa built well-planned cities, had excellent drainage systems, and were skilled traders. They created beautiful pottery, seals, and jewelry, showing their artistic side. In this blog, we’ll explore the life, achievements, and mysteries of the Harappan people, and learn why their civilization eventually disappeared. sources to know about harrapan civilization The Harappan Civilization is a fascinating chapter in history, and we know about it today thanks to a variety of sources that shed light on different aspects of this ancient society. Here’s a look at some of the main ways historians and archaeologists have pieced together the story of the Harappans: Archaeological Excavations Much of what we know about the Harappan Civilization comes from archaeological exc...
1. Snapshot What happened: Air India Boeing 787‑8 Flight AI171, en route from Ahmedabad (AMD) to London Gatwick, crashed into the B.J. Medical College hostel in Meghani Nagar about 30 seconds after takeoff on June 12, 2025, at 13:38 IST Fatalities: 241 occupants onboard plus at least 28 on the ground—totaling at least 269 deaths Survivor: A sole survivor—British national Viswashkumar Ramesh , seated in exit row 11A—escaped with non-life-threatening injuries 2. The Crash Sequence After liftoff, the aircraft climbed to around 625 ft before rapidly descending and crashing within 33 seconds CCTV and witness videos show the jet suddenly plummeting, crashing into residential buildings, and erupting in flames. 3. Victims & Ground Impact Onboard: 230 passengers and 12 crew—including 169 Indian, 53 British, 7 Portuguese, and 1 Canadian nationals. On the ground: Over 28 killed and around 60 injured among hostel residents and me...
Introduction Have you ever wondered what lies deep beneath your feet? From the solid crust we stand on to the fiery core that powers our planet’s magnetic field, the interior of the Earth holds secrets that shape everything around us. Understanding what’s beneath the surface is more than just satisfying curiosity—it’s key to unraveling the mysteries of our planet’s past, present, and future. In this blog, we’ll explore what makes Earth’s interior so fascinating, how it affects our daily lives, and why it’s a window into the evolution of not just our own world, but the entire solar system. Importance of Studying the Earth’s Interior Helps us understand physical features on Earth’s surface —like mountains, valleys, and earthquakes. Reveals the evolution of life through fossils embedded in rock strata, forming the basis for the geological timescale developed in the 19th century. Guides us in exploring and extracting valuable minerals and energy resources , supporting mod...
Stay updated with the most important current affairs of May 27, 2025. This compilation includes defense, science, governance, appointments, MoUs, and cultural sites – all relevant for upsc UPPCS, State PSC, SSC, and other exams. 1. ONGC Finds New Oil and Gas in Mumbai Offshore What Happened? ONGC (Oil and Natural Gas Corporation) has discovered new oil and gas reserves in the Mumbai Offshore basin . The discoveries are named Suryamani and Vajramani . Where Were These Found? These discoveries were made in areas given under the Open Acreage Licensing Policy (OALP) — a scheme that allows companies to choose areas they want to explore. Why Is It Important? These new discoveries will help increase India’s oil and gas production . This can help reduce our dependence on imported energy . It also shows that policies like OALP are working to boost domestic energy exploration. 2. Kerala Oil Spill What happened? Cargo ship MSC ELSA 3 (Liberian-f...
Mountains are landforms that rise above the Earth's surface, characterized by slopes, steep sides, and a pointed top called a peak. They are formed due to tectonic forces, volcanic activity, or erosion. Mountains play a vital role in influencing climate, storing freshwater, and supporting biodiversity." William Morris Davis defines mountains as elevated land masses formed by endogenic forces, undergoing a cycle of youth, maturity, and old age through erosion. Types of Mountains Based on the Period of Origin Earth has experienced a total of nine major orogenic movements (mountain-building phases) throughout its geological history. Some of these orogenies occurred in the Precambrian era , dating back 3,500 to 600 million years ago , and are among the oldest known. The three most recent and geologically significant orogenies are: Caledonian Orogeny (around 400 million years ago) Hercynian Orogeny (around 300 million years ago) Alpine Orogeny (began around 65 mi...
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